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The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics, by Roger Penrose
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For decades, proponents of artificial intelligence have argued that computers will soon be doing everything that a human mind can do. Admittedly, computers now play chess at the grandmaster level, but do they understand the game as we do? Can a computer eventually do everything a human mind can do?
In this absorbing and frequently contentious book, Roger Penrose--eminent physicist and winner, with Stephen Hawking, of the prestigious Wolf prize--puts forward his view that there are some facets of human thinking that can never be emulated by a machine. Although the book ranges widely over relativity theory, quantum mechanics and cosmology, its central concern is what philosophers call the "mind-body problem." Penrose examines what physics and mathematics can tell us about how the mind works, what they can't, and what we need to know to understand the physical processes of consciousness. In particular, he argues that there is an important gap in our knowledge at the place where classical and quantum physics meet. He is among a growing number of physicists who think Einstein wasn't being stubborn when he said his "little finger" told him that quantum mechanics is incomplete, and he concludes that laws even deeper than quantum mechanics are essential for the operation of a mind. To support this contention, Penrose takes the reader on a dazzling tour that covers such topics as complex numbers, Turing machines, complexity theory, quantum mechanics, formal systems, Godel undecidability, phase spaces, Hilbert spaces, black holes, white holes, Hawking radiation, entropy, quasicrystals, the structure of the brain, and scores of other subjects. Penrose's illuminating (and sometimes amusing) drawings highlight his discussions throughout.
As Martin Gardner states in his foreword to the book, "Penrose's achievement in mathematics and physics spring from a lifelong sense of wonder toward the mystery and beauty of being. His little finger tells him that the human mind is more than just a collection of tiny wires and switches." The Emperor's New Mind will appeal to anyone with a serious interest in modern physics and its relation to philosophical issues, as well as to physicists, mathematicians, philosophers and those on either side of the AI debate.
- Sales Rank: #732894 in Books
- Published on: 1989-11-09
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.30" h x 1.40" w x 6.40" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 480 pages
Amazon.com Review
Some love it, some hate it, but The Emperor's New Mind, physicist Roger Penrose's 1989 treatise attacking the foundations of strong artificial intelligence, is crucial for anyone interested in the history of thinking about AI and consciousness. Part survey of modern physics, part exploration of the philosophy of mind, the book is not for casual readers--though it's not overly technical, it rarely pauses to let the reader catch a breath. The overview of relativity and quantum theory, written by a master, is priceless and uncontroversial. The exploration of consciousness and AI, though, is generally considered as resting on shakier ground.
Penrose claims that there is an intimate, perhaps unknowable relation between quantum effects and our thinking, and ultimately derives his anti-AI stance from his proposition that some, if not all, of our thinking is non-algorithmic. Of course, these days we believe that there are other avenues to AI than traditional algorithmic programming; while he has been accused of setting up straw robots to knock down, this accusation is unfair. Little was then known about the power of neural networks and behavior-based robotics to simulate (and, some would say, produce) intelligent problem-solving behavior. Whether these tools will lead to strong AI is ultimately a question of belief, not proof, and The Emperor's New Mind offers powerful arguments useful to believer and nonbeliever alike. --Rob Lightner
From Publishers Weekly
A physicist who believes that some aspects of the human mind will never be duplicated by artificial intelligence here supports his view with material drawn from quantum mechanics, brain structure and other theories. 75,000 first printing.
Copyright 1990 Reed Business Information, Inc.
Review
"The testament of a brilliant man wrestling desperately--and unashamedly--with the deepest problems of metaphysics --Nature
"Penrose embarks on a sweeping survey of black holes, cosmology and thermodynamics in search of further support. The reader is treated to a tour of much of modern physics before being brought back to the central thesis: that minds must be taken seriously." --Observer
"A pedagogical tour de force, with some dazzling new ways of illuminating the central themes of science." --Times Literary Supplement
"Penrose takes us on perhaps the most engaging and creative tour of modern physics that has ever been written....the reader might feel privileged indeed to accompany Penrose on his magical mystery tour." --Sunday Times
"Will be universally cited by strong AI opponents as the definitive refutation of strong AI....An excellent introduction to the ideas which are involved in the strong AI hypothesis." --Physics World
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A nice opposite view of mainstream AI thoughts
By Shawn
As a junior Ph.D. student who hopes to have a career in the research of artificial intelligence (machine learning or deep learning more precisely), I was reading this book as a touch on the opposite of the belief that intelligence is achievable by machines. Apart from several of his dramatic tones towards mocking A.I. (what was that story in the pro- and epi-logue about?), this book has been a very enjoyable experience for me.
Roger Penrose is definitely one scientist that holds a very strong opinion on this opposite, and I do have to say that he is undoubtedly good at explaining his arguments. This book did a good job at disseminating a set of fundamental ideas from a physics perspective in relation to some very philosophical and mathematical issues. From my reading, there are two streams of ideas in the book. The first one is from mathematics, including the introduction of algorithms, Turing machines and logical proof systems. The second one is from physics, from classical mechanics to relativity and quantum mechanics and beyond. The interaction of these two streams by itself is worth reading by anyone who is pondering on the fundamental doubts of the mind, intelligence and conciousness.
From the first stream, the book’s main argument rests on the Turing halting problem and Gödel’s incompleteness theorems. From these theorems, he argues that machines could not be like humans since it could not know the truthness of these self-referencing statements. I am not yet convinced by this seemingly sound argument, because it rests on the fact that there is certain statement about the system itself that it could not know true or false. We humans could perceive that these incomplete statements are true, because we are not these systems therefore they are not self-referencing statements for ourselves. We do not have an answer to whether we ourselves are free from these incomplete limitations, since if we had the answer it would violate the incompleteness theorems. Who knows, maybe some aliens would think of us as no difference from we think of the machines, and apply a form of Cantor’s diagonalization to say that “look, humans cannot have mind because they cannot understand these true statements that are obvious to us”! As a result, the presumption that humans are free from incompleteness is one most ridiculous hidden idea in the book.
In the second stream, the book became much more constructive. It is a great journey to explore the searching of an explanation for the mind through the vast space of knowledge in physics. However, throughout the arguments, the ideas could only belong to a set of speculations. This is not a surprise since he argues for the necessity of a correct quantum gravity (CQG) theory to explain the human mind, which should ultimately unify quantum mechanics and general relativity under a single mathematical framework. It is the fact that no such theory yet exists that shakes down many of his arguments and made them merely speculations. As a result, this book in my opinion does a very bad job at opposing artificial intelligence in both streams.
In general, the book is still very much enjoyable just because it contains a grand set of fundamental knowledge. It is particularly so reading from a critic point of view. Roger Penrose also has two later books in the same string of thought, which undoubtedly may explain his ideas better and may resolve some of this book’s issues. I am looking forward to reading them as valuable thought excercises, but may be after a few books from some other human endeavors.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting premise but takes a long time to get to the point
By Tartarus
The Emperor's New Mind is an interesting take on the concept of Artificial Intelligence. The basic premise is that, contrary to what AI supporters have been insisting for decades, the idea that any machine could somehow become capable of actual thinking is a completely unfounded concept based on flawed reasoning.
Penrose's main argument is that all computers must necessarily run according to algorithms. Even if someone could somehow construct a "quantum computer" (which is doubtful) this would still be operating in an algorithmic manner. The mind, on the other hand, operates non-algorithmically. As such, no computer nor any machine could ever hope to replicate a mind no matter how advanced said machine may be.
Of course, this is a rather simplified overview of Penrose's argument. To get a better idea of the points he makes, one can do no better than read the book, where the arguments are presented in a good and convincing way.
One criticism I have of the book is that it takes a LONG time to get to the point. In fact, despite being a book about why "strong AI" is implausible, most of the book seems to be about mathematics and theoretical physics. Granted, maths and physics does tie in to Penrose's arguments against "strong AI", but he seems to go into excessive detail. Surely just a brief overview of the maths and physics underlying his arguments would have been sufficient.
As a consequence of all the detail put into all the maths and physics info, the actual arguments about AI don't go into nearly as much detail as they could. This is unfortunate, as I had been hoping for a more detailed set of arguments showing the flaws of "strong AI" claims. Still, what was presented was still pretty well argued.
Overall, an interesting book and a good source of info for understanding why claims about thinking machines don't hold up even close to as well as the claims' proponents would try to have one believe.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Worth reading, despite being less developed than the later work
By Simon Manley
This book reads like an early draft of Penrose's "Shadows of the Mind." The reader coming afresh to Penrose's ideas would be tempted to skip this earlier book and going straight to Shadows, where the ideas are much more fully developed. The interesting aspect of the earlier work, however, is to see how Penrose's thinking was evolving, purely along physical lines, before he teamed up with the medico and neuroscientist, Stuart Hameroff. It would be a mistake to skip this book, because it is far more readable than "Shadows," the later work being so detailed and technical that many will simply give up on it.
The Emperor's New Mind concentrates on the limitations of formal mathematical logic {as implemented in a computer}, and how human consciousness can stretch past these limitations. Much of this argument is based on Godel's theorems about the limitations of formal systems of logic. Penrose concludes that Artificial Intelligence programs will never, no matter how far computer science develops, be able to produce the kind of conceptual understanding which is characteristic of human consciousness. In a metaphysical leap, he proposes that consciousness is an essentially quantum phenomenon. He gives the "collapse of the wave-function," familiar from conventional interpretations of quantum mechanics, an enhanced status as a real physical effect, and proposes that it is mediated by some {not yet fully understood} effect in Quantum Gravity.
Granted that a conscious observer has featured prominently in discussions of the "measurement problem" from the very beginnings of quantum theory, and that no agreed position has emerged in nearly a century of debate, Penrose's proposal to make the collapse of the wave-function an objective process, and to tie consciousness to it, has more merit than the metaphysical flavour might at first suggest.
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